These safety knowledge must be mastered by front-line employees!

These safety knowledge must be mastered by front-line employees!

How to quickly identify hazards and cultivate good operating behaviors is the focus of frontline employee safety management!

　　 1. Cultivate good operation behavior:

　　 (1) Routine inspection before operation The mechanical equipment must always be kept in normal operation. Routine inspections of machinery and equipment before work every day. If an abnormal situation is found, the worker shall notify the management personnel in time, and work only after maintenance and confirmation of safety.

　　 (2) Firmly grasp the signal contact. When two or more people work together, sometimes it is necessary to specify the contact signal and operate according to the signal. For posts with liaison signals, workers should keep in mind the required signals and start work after confirming and clarifying the meaning of the signals.

　　 (3) Strictly abide by the operating procedures. Simplifying and omitting the prescribed operating procedures for fear of trouble will often cause many accidents. Therefore, workers should strictly abide by the operating procedures.

(4) In case of unconventional operations, timely report should be made. When product deformation occurs in the production line, or minor faults are encountered, some operations not specified in the operating procedures (ie, unconventional operations) need to be performed, such as debugging the machine, overhauling, oiling, etc. , Should report to the management in time.

　　 2. Unsafe operation behavior absolutely prohibited:

　　 1. The operation of machinery and equipment, the method of picking and placing items are not correct, and the objects are not supported firmly.

　　2. Approaching or entering dangerous places, such as moving machinery or lifting goods.

　　3. Clean, refuel or overhaul mechanical devices that are running, energized or heating.

　　4. Start the machine suddenly, move the vehicle, object or proceed to the next step without giving a signal or confirming safety.

　　 5. Improper selection of mechanical devices, improper use or defects.

　　 6. Leave the machine in operation and place the machine or material in an unsafe state or place.

　　7. The act of dismantling or invalidating the safety device.

　　 8. Jump up or down from a vehicle or machine, or use your hands instead of prescribed tools to work.

　　 9. Do not use personal protective equipment, or choose improperly, or unsafe to wear.

　　 10. Feel free to touch unknown chemicals.

　　 11. Enter the confined space hastily.

　　 12. An accident occurred and rescued.

　　 3. How to quickly identify the source of danger at work?

　　 Hidden dangers refer to hidden dangers, that is, hidden, latent dangerous things or disasters.

　　The hidden dangers of accidents refer to the unsafe behaviors, unsafe conditions and management defects of people in the production system that can lead to accidents.

The hidden dangers of accidents are summarized into 21 categories: fire, explosion, poisoning and suffocation, water damage, collapse, landslide, leakage, corrosion, electric shock, fall, mechanical damage, coal and gas outburst, road facility damage, road vehicle damage, railway facility damage, Railway vehicle injury, water transportation injury, port and dock injury, air transportation injury, airport injury, other hidden dangers, etc.

　　In the safety production inspection of enterprises, pay attention to the following more common hidden accidents:

　　01 Unsafe behavior of people

　　There are mainly 11 categories, which are also the main direct causes of people in production safety accidents.

　　 1. Ignore safety, ignore warnings, and operate incorrectly.

　　2. Safety device failure caused by man-made.

　　 3. Use unsafe equipment.

　　 4. Use hands instead of tools to operate.

　　 5. Improper storage of objects.

　　 6. Venture into dangerous places.

　　7. Climbing and sitting in unsafe positions.

　　 8. Interfering and distracting behavior.

　　9. Ignore the use of personal protective equipment and appliances or fail to use them correctly.

　　 10. Unsafe attire.

　　11. Contact and handling errors of flammable, explosive and other dangerous materials.

　　02 The unsafe state of things

　　 There are mainly 4 categories, which are also the main direct causes of production safety accidents.

　　 1. The protection, insurance, signal and other devices are lacking or defective.

　　2, the equipment, facilities, tools and accessories are defective.

　　 3. Labor protection equipment is lacking or defective.

　　4. Poor working environment in production (construction) site.

　　03 management defects

　　 There are mainly 7 categories, which are also the main indirect causes of management in production safety accidents.

　　 1. Technical and design defects.

　　 2. Insufficient production safety education and training.

　　 3. Labor organization is unreasonable.

　　4. Lack of inspection or wrong guidance on site work.

　　 5. There is no safety production management rules and regulations and safety operation procedures, or it is not sound.

　　 6. There is no accident prevention and emergency measures or it is not sound.

　　7. Inadequate rectification of hidden dangers of accidents, and insufficient funds.

　　 Identification of dangerous and harmful factors

　　Dangerous factors refer to factors that can cause casualties or sudden damage to objects; harmful factors refer to factors that can affect human health, cause diseases, or cause chronic damage to objects. Under normal circumstances, the two are not distinguished and are collectively referred to as dangerous and harmful factors.

　　01 Classification of dangerous and harmful factors

　　The classification of dangerous and harmful factors is the basis for the analysis and identification of dangerous and harmful factors. There are many ways to classify dangerous and harmful factors, mainly the following two methods:

　　 1. Classification according to the direct causes of accidents and occupational hazards

　　 (1) Physical hazards and harmful factors

　　1) Defects in equipment and facilities

　　 Insufficient strength, insufficient rigidity, poor stability, poor sealing, stress concentration, shape defects, exposed moving parts, brake defects, other defects in equipment and facilities.

　　2) Protection from defects

　　 No protection, defects in protection devices and facilities, improper protection, improper support, insufficient protection distance, and other protection defects.

　　3) Electricity

　　 Live parts exposed, leakage, lightning, static electricity, sparks, and other electrical hazards.

　　4) Noise

　　 Mechanical noise, electromagnetic noise, hydrodynamic noise, and other noises.

　　5) Vibration

　　 Mechanical vibration, electromagnetic vibration, hydrodynamic vibration, other vibrations.

　　6) Electromagnetic radiation

　　 Ionizing radiation: X-rays, g-rays, a particles, β particles, protons, neutrons, high-energy electron beams, etc.; non-ionizing radiation: ultraviolet rays, lasers, radio frequency radiation, ultra-high voltage electric fields.

　　7) Moving objects

　　 Solid projectiles, liquid splashes, rebounding objects, rock and soil sliding, material stack sliding, air flow scrolling, rock impact, and other moving object hazards.

　　 8) Open flame

　　9) High temperature substances that can cause burns

　　High temperature gas, high temperature solid, high temperature liquid, other high temperature substances.

　　10) Low-temperature substances that can cause frostbite

　　 Cryogenic gases, cryogenic solids, cryogenic liquids, and other cryogenic substances.

　　11) Dust and aerosol

　　 does not include explosive, toxic dust and aerosols.

　　12) Poor working environment

The working environment is chaotic, the foundation is sinking, the safety aisle is defective, the lighting is poor, the harmful light, the ventilation, the lack of oxygen, the air quality is poor, the water supply and drainage is poor, the water gushing, the forced position, the temperature is too high, the temperature is too low, the air pressure is too high, Low air pressure, high temperature and high humidity, natural disasters, and other poor operating environments.

　　13) Signal defect

　　 No signal facilities, improper signal selection, improper signal location, unclear signal, inaccurate signal display, and other signal defects.

　　14) Mark defect

　　No signs, unclear signs, irregular signs, improper selection of signs, defects in the position of signs, and other defects in signs.

　　15) Other physical hazards and harmful factors

　　 (2) Chemical hazards and harmful factors

　　1) Flammable and explosive substances

　　 Flammable and explosive gases, flammable and explosive liquids, flammable and explosive solids, flammable and explosive dust and aerosols, and other flammable and explosive substances.

　　2) Spontaneous combustion substances

　　3) Toxic substances

　　 Toxic gases, toxic liquids, toxic solids, toxic dusts and aerosols, and other toxic substances.

　　4) Corrosive substances

　　Corrosive gases, corrosive liquids, corrosive solids, and other corrosive substances.

　　5) Other chemical hazards and harmful factors

　　 (3) Biological hazards and harmful factors

　　1) Pathogenic microorganisms

　　 Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogenic microorganisms.

　　2) Infectious disease vector

　　3) Harmful animals

　　4) Harmful plants

　　5) Other biological hazards and harmful factors

　　 (4) Psychological and physical risks, harmful factors

　　1) Overload

　　 Exceeding physical load, hearing load, vision load, and other loads.

　　2) Abnormal health conditions

　　3) Doing taboo tasks

　　4) Psychological abnormalities

　　 Emotional abnormalities, adventurous psychology, excessive tension, other psychological abnormalities.

　　5) Identify functional defects

　　 Perception delay, identification error, and other identification function defects.

　　6) Other psychological and physical risks, harmful factors

　　 (5) Behavioral risks and harmful factors

　　1) Command error

　　 Command error, illegal command, other command errors.

　　2) Operation error

　　 Misoperation, illegal operation, and other operational errors.

　　3) Guardianship error

　　4) Other errors

　　5) Other behavioral risks and harmful factors

　　6) Other dangerous and harmful factors

　　2. Classification according to accident category

　　 (1) Object strike

　　 refers to the movement of an object under the action of gravity or other external forces, hitting the human body, causing personal injury or death, and does not include object hits caused by mechanical equipment, vehicles, cranes, collapse, etc.

　　 (2) Vehicle injury

　　 refers to the accidents of human body falling and objects collapsing, falling, squeezing injuries and deaths caused by motor vehicles in driving, excluding accidents that occur when lifting equipment is lifting, towing vehicles and vehicles are stopped.

　　 (3) Mechanical damage

Refers to injuries such as pinching, collision, shearing, entanglement, twisting, grinding, cutting, and puncture caused by moving (stationary) parts, tools, and processed parts of mechanical equipment directly in contact with the human body, excluding mechanical injuries caused by vehicles and cranes .

　　 (4) Lifting injury

　　 refers to the squeezing, falling, (spreader, lifting) object hit and electric shock that occur in various lifting operations (including crane installation, maintenance, and testing).

　　 (5) Electric shock

　　 Including lightning accidents.

　　 (6) drowning

　　 includes drowning by falling from a height, excluding drowning in mines and underground.

　　 (7) hot

　　 refers to flame burns, high-temperature object burns, chemical burns (internal and external burns caused by acid, alkali, salt, organic matter), physical burns (internal and external burns caused by light, radioactive materials), excluding electric burns and burns caused by fire.

　　 (8) Fire

　　 (9) Falling from height

　　 refers to casualties caused by falls during high-altitude operations, and does not include electric shock falls.

　　 (10) collapse

Refers to accidents caused by an object exceeding its own strength limit or structural stability failure under the action of external force or gravity, such as soil and rock collapse during trenching, scaffold collapse, stack collapse, etc. It is not applicable to mine roof slabs and vehicles , Lifting machinery, collapse caused by blasting.

　　 (11) Take the top film to help

　　 (12) permeable

　　 (13) blasting

　　 refers to casualties that occurred during blasting operations.

　　 (14) Gunpowder explosion

　　 refers to explosion accidents in the production, processing, transportation and storage of gunpowder, explosives and their products.

　　 (15) Gas explosion

　　 (16) Boiler explosion

　　 (17) The container exploded

　　 (18) Other explosions

　　 (19) Poisoning and suffocation

　　 (20) Other damage

　　02 Identification method of dangerous and harmful factors

　　 1. Intuitive experience analysis method

　　 (1) Contrast, empirical method

　　 Control and empirical methods are methods to analyze the dangerous and harmful factors of the enterprise by comparing the relevant standards, regulations, checklists or relying on the observation and analysis ability of the analysts, with the help of experience and judgment ability.

　　 (2) analogy method

　　The analogy method is to use the same or similar engineering systems or operating conditions experience and labor safety and health statistical data to analogize and analyze the risk and harmful factors of the enterprise.

　　2. System safety analysis method

　　 System safety analysis method is to apply certain methods in system safety engineering evaluation to identify dangerous and harmful factors. System safety analysis methods are often used in new development systems that are complex and have no accident experience. Commonly used system security analysis methods include event tree, fault tree, etc.

　　03 Main content of identification of hazardous and harmful factors

　　1, factory site

　　Analyze from the aspects of engineering geology, topography, hydrology, natural disasters, surrounding environment, meteorological conditions, transportation conditions, and fire protection support.

　　2, plant layout

(1) General plan: function (production, management, auxiliary production, living area) partition layout; layout of high temperature, hazardous materials, noise, radiation, flammable and explosive dangerous goods facilities; layout of process flow; layout of buildings and structures; orientation , Wind direction, fire separation distance, safety distance, health protection distance, etc.

　　 (2) Transportation routes and docks: factory roads, factory railways, dangerous goods handling areas, factory docks.

　　 3. Buildings (structures)

　　 Fire resistance grade, structure, fire protection, explosion protection, safe evacuation, orientation, lighting, transportation channels, etc.

　4. Production process

　　Materials (toxic, corrosive, and explosive materials), temperature, pressure, speed, operating and control conditions, accidents and out-of-control conditions, etc.

　　 5. Production equipment and installations

　　 (1) Chemical equipment and devices: high temperature, low temperature, corrosion, high pressure, vibration, critical equipment, control, operation, overhaul and failure, emergency and abnormal situations in case of error.

　　 (2) Mechanical equipment: moving parts and workpieces, operating conditions, maintenance operations, misoperation and misoperation.

　　 (3) Electrical equipment: power failure, electric shock, fire, explosion, misoperation and misoperation, static electricity, lightning.

　　 (4) Equipment with greater risk, equipment for high-altitude operations.

　　 (5) Special single equipment and installations: boiler room, acetylene station, oxygen station, petroleum depot, dangerous goods depot, etc.

　　 (6) Dust, poison, noise, vibration, radiation, high temperature, low temperature and other hazardous working parts.

　　(7) Management facilities, accident emergency rescue facilities and auxiliary production and living sanitation facilities.