Centrifugal Compressors

Centrifugal Compressors From Royce N. Brown P. E., in Compressors (Third Edition), 2005 Casing Connections Casing inlet and outlet nozzles are normally flanged. The general preference in process service is for all casing connections to be flanged or machined and studded. On steel-cased machines, this normally is not a problem. On the smaller refrigeration compressors that are highly standardized, constructed of cast iron, and originally designed for other than process service, connections will generally have flanged inlet and outlet nozzles. However, most of the auxiliary connections on these machines will be screwed fittings. It is desirable to use standard flanges throughout the connections on the casing. However, for space reasons, on rare occasions, a nonstandard flange arrangement may become necessary. It is quite important to have the compressor vendor furnish all mating flanges and associated hardware. Forces and moments which the compressor can accept without causing misalignment to the machine are to be specified by the vendor. Many factors go into this determination and, as one may guess, the limits are determined quite arbitrarily in most cases. With all of the many configurations a compressor can take, a single set of rules cannot fit all. Despite this, NEMA SM-23 [5] for mechanical-drive steam turbines is used as a basis. API 617 has adopted the NEMA nozzle criteria to centrifugal compressors. This works on larger steel-cased multistage compressors, but is not good for the overhung style. Moreover, the user or piping designers want a higher number to simplify piping design, while the manufacturer wants a small number to ensure good alignment and fewer customer complaints. From a user's point of view where long-term reliability is a must, the vote must go to the manufacturer. Experience shows that the lower the piping loads on the nozzles, the easier it is to maintain coupling alignment. This seems reasonable since most compressors are equipped with plates called wobble feet to provide flexibility for thermal growth. The feet will flex from pipe loads as well as from the temperature. The piping loads tend not to align themselves as well with the shaft as the temperature gradients. Even when guides and keys are used, as is customary on the larger machines, they may bind despite the fact that they are stout enough to carry the load.

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